The differential bacterial species mainly generated three covarying units (clusters 1 to 3). The discriminative variants (gut bacteriophages, bacterial species, and fecal metabolites) were identified on the basis of an LDA score >2.5. These metabolites were mainly involved in amino acid, nucleotide, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. Compared with HC, the MDD group was characterized by 16 up-regulated metabolites and 34 down-regulated metabolites. ( C) Relative abundances of 50 fecal metabolites differentiating between the two groups. ( B) Three bacteriophages, mainly assigned to Podoviridae at the family level, were differentially expressed in the MDD subjects relative to HCs. At the genus level, the MDD subjects showed 18 enriched species, mainly belonging to the genus Bacteroides (10 species), and 29 depleted species mainly belonging to the genera Blautia (5 species), Eubacterium (5 species), and Clostridium (3 species). The taxonomic assignment of each species is shown on the left. ( A) Relative abundances of 47 bacterial species responsible for discriminating the MDD and HC groups. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). Our findings provide a deep insight into understanding of the roles of disturbed gut ecosystem in MDD.Ĭopyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. Furthermore, we identified a combinatorial marker panel that robustly discriminated MDD from HC individuals in both the discovery and validation sets. Disturbed microbial genes and fecal metabolites were consistently mapped to amino acid (γ-aminobutyrate, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) metabolism. Patients with MDD were mainly characterized by increased abundance of the genus Bacteroides and decreased abundance of the genera Blautia and Eubacterium These multilevel omics alterations generated a characteristic MDD coexpression network. Here, using whole-genome shotgun metagenomic and untargeted metabolomic methods, we identified 3 bacteriophages, 47 bacterial species, and 50 fecal metabolites showing notable differences in abundance between MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs). However, little is known about how the gut virome, microbiome, and fecal metabolome change, and how they interact in MDD. microbiome disturbances have been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). 13 Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. 12 The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China. 11 Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China. ![]()
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